El cine: realidad, consciencia, simbolismo y praxis (Contribución a una filosofía del audiovisual)

La presente investigación pretende aportar herramientas para una renovación de la teoría cinematográfica desde el ámbito de la filosofía. Renovar una teoría no es sino renovar aquello que la empuja y la sostiene, lo que es en ella condición de posibilidad, esto es, el pensamiento. Consideramos que si dicha teoría se encuentra en ocasiones anquilosada se debe a la existencia de ciertos obstáculos tanto en el discurrir del pensamiento como en el de una cultura, originados por la aparición de paradojas y problemas que no permiten adecuar la totalidad de la teoría a la totalidad de la experiencia. Para lograr dicha adecuación, hemos hecho de la teoría un relato, cruce de tres filosofías con tres cines; esto es, un debate-relato sobre lo real social, las imágenes de la identidad y los cines de la diferencia. Queremos ser consecuentes con la idea que toma lo fílmico como producción y efecto diegético, es decir, la idea que la experiencia cinematográfica sucede tanto delante de la cámara como detrás de ésta, tanto a nivel del emisor por intencionalidad como del receptor por transferencia. Una teoría que pretenda explicar el fenómeno de lo fílmico debería atender a la relación entre el análisis de las películas y la evaluación social de las prácticas que las hacen posibles. El equilibrio en esta correlación es a menudo un aspecto olvidado dentro de las teorías que, aún teniendo en cuenta ambos aspectos, acaban priorizando uno por encime del otro; olvidando con frecuencia que sólo un sentido subyacente e intrahistórico es capaz de anudar y dirigir tal correlación entre praxis y representación. Este sentido es la intencionalidad de la consciencia, mezcla de racionalidad y deseo, que se despliega como marco intencional tanto a escala individual como colectiva, prefigurando el cuadrilétero antropológico de nuestra mirada y nuestras experiencias, esto es, el filtro metafísico, epistemológico, ético y estético a través del cuál nuestra consciencia vive el mundo..

Versatility of therapeutic reduction mammoplasty in oncoplastic breast conserving surgery

Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery is the gold standard approach for the surgical treatment of early breast cancer. There is a well defined technique named “therapeutic mammoplasty” which is characterized for using a reduction mammaplasty technique to treat breast cancer conservatively. In our current practice, “therapeutic mammoplasty” or therapeutic reduction mammaplasty is our favorite oncoplastic breast conserving approach which it used in almost half of our patients. This technique is very versatile allows us the resection of tumors located in all breast quadrants of patients with moderate-to large-sized breasts. We describe a series of 57 patients who were treated using a therapeutic reduction mammaplasty. All surgical procedures were carried out by one comprehensive breast surgeon who planned and designed the surgery performing both oncologic and reconstructive procedures. Surgical margins were insufficient in eight patients (14%). Nine patients (15.8%) had a complication in early postoperative period and in one of them adjuvant radiotherapy was delayed four months due to a wound dehiscence

Looking for Novel Natural Gels to Improve Cleaning Methods for Bronze Leachates on Marble

Marble is one of the materials most susceptible to copper leaching, resulting in easily identifiable turquoise stains on the marble. This problem is particularly relevant when we are talking about marble structures of heritage value. For this reason, conservators look for cleaning materials that are specific to the structure to be treated without damaging the original surface. Materials such as agar have been studied for a long time. Agar creates a controlled water release system that adapts to the needs of conservators who seek the greatest possible cleanliness without damaging the material to be treated. To improve the cleaning, chelating agents such as EDTA are added to the agar composition. However, the microbiological growth and the damage it produces to the original material are disadvantages to take into account. In order to solve these problems, other natural materials with cleaning potential such as kudzu and konjac gels were studied in combination with other chelating agents such as citrate, oxalate, and gluconic acid. For the characterization and evaluation of copper cleaning, various analytical techniques were used, including Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this study, both konjac and kudzu emerged as promising alternatives to agar, revealing distinctive features such as simplified preparation methods and inherent antimicrobial properties. The EDTA chelator was found to be the most harmful for marble surfaces, as it extracted a greater amount of calcium from the marble during application of the gels doped with it. Citrate and gluconic acid have been identified as a promising substitute to prepare doped gels for the removal of copper stains. These compounds exhibit comparable or potentially superior cleaning capabilities than EDTA, with no negative side effects.This work has been supported by the project DEMORA (Grant PID2020-113391GB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” (EU)

Availability, Promotion, and Signs of Alcohol Consumption: A Mixed Methods Study of Perceived Exposure and Objective Measures

This study describes the alcohol environment comparing residents' perceptions and objective measures in two different income-level districts. Measures were gathered between 2017 and 2018 in two districts with different income levels in Madrid, Spain. We obtained perceived measures using Photovoice. We procured objective measures through social systematic observation. Data were integrated using triangulation. Perceived and objective measures of the alcohol environment were characterized and compared in terms of alcohol availability, alcohol promotion, and signs of alcohol consumption. The integration was classified as agreement, partial agreement, or dissonance. The results related to alcohol availability and signs of its consumption showed high agreement. Availability was high in both areas, which was recognized by residents. Residents of the high-income district (HID) discussed fewer signs of alcohol consumption, whilst those in the low-income district (LID) reported extensive signs of consumption. Such observations agreed with the objective measures. There were dissonances between the approaches for alcohol promotion. Although the alcohol promotion was higher in HID according to the objective measures, it was deeply discussed by LID residents. Both methodologies helped us deepen the understanding of the alcohol environment. These results may help design more effective interventions to prevent hazardous drinking

Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment among participants in a Photovoice project conducted in two districts with different socio-economic status

Perceptions of the alcohol environment may influence alcohol consumption patterns. The purpose of this study was to describe changes in perceptions of the urban alcohol environment as experienced by residents of two districts with different socio-economic status after taking part in a Photovoice study. The study was conducted in Madrid, Spain, in a district with a high socio-economic status (HSES) and another district with a low socio-economic status (LSES). A Photovoice project was conducted with 26 participants divided into four groups based on sex and district. Groups met over five sessions in which they discussed photographs taken by the participants themselves on the subject of alcohol in their neighbourhood. A qualitative, descriptive and thematic analysis of participants' discourses was performed to explore changes in their perceptions of the alcohol environment over the project sessions. Changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in all groups over the project. The process of change varied by districts' socio-economic characteristics and gender. Greater changes in perceptions of the alcohol environment were observed in HSES, especially among women, as the participants had a much more positive initial view of their alcohol environment. In LSES, participants showed a more critical perception of the alcohol environment from the beginning of the study, and this broadened and intensified over the course of the sessions. Changes in perceptions also varied by thematic categories, including some categories that were discussed from the start (e.g. socialising and alcohol consumption) and categories that only emerged in later sessions (e.g. alcohol advertising). Involvement in a Photovoice project has favoured a shift in the participant's perceptions of their alcohol environment towards more critical positions, widening their scope of perceived elements and raising their awareness of specific problems, such as alcohol advertising and social role of alcohol consumption in relation to alcohol exposure

Residents perceptions of the alcohol environment: A participatory photovoice project in two districts with different socio-economic status in a large city

The purpose of this study was to present the alcohol environment as perceived by its residents in two districts of Madrid using the Photovoice participatory methodology. Secondly, we compared the results according to the socio-economic status of the districts. The study was conducted in the city of Madrid, Spain, in two districts with different socio-economic status. A total of 26 people participated, who took and discussed photographs about their alcohol environment. They grouped them into 33 final categories, such as the socialising role of alcohol or the alcohol advertising. Co-authors further grouped participants final categories into seven general areas. The participants in the Photovoice project have helped to deepen the understanding of the alcohol urban environment. These results may help to design more effective policies to prevent hazardous alcohol consumption.This work was supported by the Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Spain [grant numbers 2016I047]; The HeartHealthy Hoods project was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme, European Union [FP7/2007–2013/ERC Starting Grant Heart Healthy Hoods Agreement no. 623 336893]; and IM received a research fellowship from the University of Alcala, Spain that enables her to develop this study. Ethics approval We conducted this study in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and received ethical approval by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad de Alcala (CEI/HU/2017/09).S

Raman espektroskopiaren erabilgarritasunaren azterketa elikagaien koloratzaileak kuantifikatzeko

Raman espektroskopia metodo analitiko ez-suntsikorra da, aurre-tratamendurik behar izan gabe laginak analizatzea ahalbidetzen duena. Teknika honek eskaintzen dituen abantailak kontuan hartuz, lan honetan teknika honek elikagai-koloratzaileak analizatu eta kuantifikatzeko eskaintzen dituen aukerak aztertu dira, industria-mailan teknikak izan dezakeen erabilgarritasuna ikertzeko asmoz. Lehenik eta behin, bi laser ezberdinekin (785 eta 532 nm) elikaduran ohikoak diren zenbait konposatu eta koloratzaileren datu-basea egin da, Raman seinale egokia duten koloratzaileak identifikatzen lagundu duena. Horren ondoren, analisi kuantitatiboa egiteko, aldagai bakarreko erregresio lineala eta minimo karratu partzialen erregresioa (Partial Least Squares Regression, PLS) erabili dira Raman seinalea kontzentrazioarekin erlazionatzeko. Emaitza positiboak lortu dira, batez ere E133 koloratzailearentzat, zeren eta analito honentzat lortutako kuantifikazio-muga (LoQ) koloratzaile honentzat Europar Batasunak ezarritako gehieneko kontzentrazioaren (200 mg/kg) azpitik baitago. Azkenik, kalibrazioa hobetzeko aukera aztertu da, Gainazalak Anplifikaturiko Raman Espektroskopia erabiliz (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS). kasu honetan seinaleen intentsitatea handitu bada ere, ez da aurkitu seinalearen intentsitatearen eta kontzentrazioaren arteko erlazio linealik. Hori guztia kontuan hartuta, Raman espektroskopiaren bidezko koloratzaileen analisi kuantitatibora egindako hurbilketa egokia izan da, literaturan jasotako emaitzak hobetuz. Beraz, lan hau etorkizuneko ikerketetarako oinarritzat erabil daiteke, koloratzaileak lagin-tratamendurik gabe modu azkar eta merkean analizatzeko

Epidemiology of the Meningococcal Disease in Catalonia before and after Vaccination against Serogroup C

Fundamentos: La enfermedad meningocócica continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. En Cataluña, tras implementar el programa de vacunación, ha habido un descenso importante de los casos producidos por meningococo C. Métodos: Se analizaron los casos notificados de enfermedad meningocócica entre 1997 y 2008 para determinar la evolución después de la introducción de la vacuna conjugada en Cataluña. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de casos por serogrupo C en menores de 6 años se redujo de 7,6 por 100000 personas/año en el período prevacunal (1997-2000) hasta 0,6 en el período postvacunal (2001-2007). En los casos por serogrupo B, la reducción fue mucho menor, de 15.4 a 11.1. En los menores de 20 años, la tasa de letalidad solo aumento en los casos por serogrupo B (3% en el período prevacunal y 7.4% en el postvacunal).Entre 2000 y 2008, el subtipo P1.15 ha sido el más frecuentemente identificado entre los casos por serogrupo B (31%), asociado principalmente al serotipo 4 (80%), y el subtipo P1.5 (36%) asociado mayoritariamente al serotipo 2a (86%), en los casos por serogrupo C. Durante 2008, 5 casos de B:2a:P1.5, sin aparente relación entre sí fueron identificados en una misma zona geográfica, con una letalidad de 80%. Conclusiones: Es necesario mantener una constante y exhaustiva vigilancia para conocer las cepas circulantes en cada momento y detectar precozmente posibles cambios y recombinaciones entre ellasBackgrounds: Meningococcal disease remains a serious public health problem worldwide. In Catalonia, after implementing the vaccination program, there has been a significant decrease in cases caused by meningococcus C. Methods: Reported cases of meningococcal disease between 1997 and 2008 were analyzed to determine the evolution after the introduction of a conjugated vaccine in Catalonia. Results: In <6 years, the incidence rate of serogroup C fell from 7.6 to 0.6 per 100,000 persons/year in the periods before (1997-2000) and after (2001-2007) the introduction of the conjugate vaccine. In serogroup B, the reduction was from 15.4 to 11.1. In <20 years case-fatality-rate increased only in serogroup B (3% and 7.4%). Serosubtype P1.15was the most frequent in serogroup B (31%), mainly associated with serotype 4 (80%), and in serogroup C subtype P1.5 (36%), with serotype 2a (86%). During 2008, 5 apparently unrelated cases of B:2a:P1.5 were identified in the same geographic area, with a case-fatality-rate of 80%. Conclusions: Exhaustive surveillance of circulating meningococcal strains is essentialEste trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.S

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página

Risk factors and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies

Background: Prognostic factors of poor outcome in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19 are poorly defned. Patients and methods: This was a Spanish transplant group and cell therapy (GETH) multicenter retrospective observational study, which included a large cohort of blood cancer patients with laboratory-confrmed SARS-CoV-2 infection through PCR assays from March 1st 2020 to May 15th 2020. Results: We included 367 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies, including recipients of autologous (ASCT) (n=58) or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) (n=65) from 41 hospitals in Spain. Median age of patients was 64 years (range 1-93.8). Recipients of ASCT and allo-SCT showed lower mortality rates (17% and 18%, respectively) compared to non-SCT patients (31%) (p=0.02). Prognostic factors identifed for day 45 overall mortality (OM) by logistic regression multivariate analysis included age>70 years [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% con‑ fdence interval (CI) 1.2-3.8, p=0.011]; uncontrolled hematological malignancy (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.2, p20 mg/dL (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.4, p<0.0001). In multivariate analysis of 216 patients with very severe COVID-19, treatment with azithromycin or low dose corticosteroids was associated with lower OM (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.2-0.89 and OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.87, respectively, p=0.02) whereas the use of hidroxycloroquine did not show signifcant improvement in OM (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.37-1.1, P=0.1). Conclusions: In most patients with hematological malignancies COVID-19 mortality was directly driven by older age, disease status, performance status, as well as by immune (neutropenia) parameters and level of infammation (high CRP). Use of azithromycin and low dose corticosteroids may be of value in very severe COVID-19